Dr H's New Book 'Ending Chronic Illness' Is Available For Preorder!
References
The following list of scientific references were used in the writing of Ending Chronic Illness by Dr Richard Horowitz. The extensive number of peer-reviewed articles made it impossible to put these in the hardcover edition (without adding another 100 pages to the book!), so we are listing them here. These scientific references will provide, chapter by chapter, the scientific basis for the diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations in Ending Chronic Illness. They include both classical and natural/integrative/functional medicine approaches to Dr H's cutting edge paradigm shift found in Ending Chronic Illness with regards to how to best diagnose and treat resistant chronic symptoms/illness.
Horowitz, R.I.; Fallon, J.; Freeman, P.R. Combining Double-Dose and High-Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy for Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Co-Infections, Including Bartonella: A Report of 3 Cases and a Literature Review. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12050909
Horowitz, R.I.; Fallon, J.; Freeman, P.R. Comparison of the Efficacy of Longer versus Shorter Pulsed High Dose Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome with Bartonellosis and Associated Coinfections. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092301
Horowitz, RI. How “long covid” is shedding light on postviral syndromes
BMJ 2022; 378 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o2188 (Published 21 September 2022)Cite this as: BMJ 2022;378:o2188
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR. Efficacy of Short-Term High Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-Infections: A Report of Three Cases and Literature Review. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(7):912. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070912
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Efficacy of Short-Term High Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-infections: A Report of Three Cases and Literature Review. Preprints 2022, 2022040296 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202204.0296.v1).
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Efficacy of Double-Dose Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-infections: A Report of Three Cases and Retrospective Chart Review. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110725
Horowitz, R.I., Murali, K., Gaur, G. et al. Effect of dapsone alone and in combination with intracellular antibiotics against the biofilm form of B. burgdorferi. BMC Res Notes 13, 455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05298-6
Shah, J.S.; Mark, O.; Caoili, E.; Poruri, A.; Horowitz, R.I.; Ashbaugh, A.D.; Ramasamy, R. A Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Test for Diagnosing Babesiosis. Diagnostics 2020, 10, 377. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/6/377
Abstract: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/6/377
HTML Version: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/6/377/htm
PDF Version: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/6/377/pdf
R.I. Horowitz, P.R. Freeman, Three Novel Prevention, Diagnostic and Treatment Options for COVID-19 Urgently Necessitating Controlled Randomized Trials, Medical Hypotheses (2020)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720308276?via%3Dihub
Horowitz, R.I., Freeman P, Bruzzese, J. Efficacy of glutathione therapy in relieving dyspnea associated with COVID-19 pneumonia: A report of 2 cases. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, April 21, 2020. Article Number: 101063
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101063
Horowitz R, Freeman PR. Healthy Fetal Outcomes using a Novel Treatment for Maternal Lyme Disease and Babesiosis During Consecutive Pregnancies: A Case Study and Literature Review. Arch Med Case Rep. 2020; 2(1): 1-19.
Horowitz, R.I., The Global Rise of Chronic Diseases: Why Broaden the Paradigm to Include Tick-borne Illness and Environmental Toxin Exposure? Arch Med Case Rep. 2019, Volume 1, Issue 1. https://www.scientificarchives.com/admin/assets/articles/pdf/the-global-rise-of-chronic-diseases-why-broaden-the-paradigm-to-include-tick-borne-illness-and-environmental-toxin-exposure-20191222051232.pdf
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: retrospective chart review and data analysis of 200 patients on dapsone combination therapy for chronic Lyme disease/post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome: part 1. International Journal of General Medicine 2019:12 101–119
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30863136
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: The Role of the MSIDS Model in Defining, Diagnosing, and Treating Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Other Chronic Illness: Part 2. Healthcare 2018, 6, 129.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400667
Abstract: http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/6/4/129/
PDF Version: http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/6/4/129/pdf
Improvement of common variable immunodeficiency using embryonic stem cell therapy in a patient with lyme disease: a clinical case report. Richard Horowitz, Phyllis R. Freeman. Clinical Case Report, Open Access, Wiley and sons. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1556. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ccr3.1556
Horowitz R, Lacout A, Marcy PY, Perronne C, To test or not to test? Laboratory support for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Oct 10. pii: S1198-743X(17)30528-1. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.09.015. [Epub ahead of print]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29030171/
http://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(17)30528-1/fulltext
Empirical Validation of the Horowitz Multiple Systemic Infectious Disease Syndrome Questionnaire for Suspected Lyme Disease. Maryalice Citera*, Ph.D., Phyllis R. Freeman2, Ph.D., Richard I. Horowitz2, M.D., International Journal of General Medicine 2017:10 249–273
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28919803
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR (2016) Are Mycobacterium Drugs Effective for Treatment Resistant Lyme Disease, Tick-Borne Co-Infections, and Autoimmune Disease?. JSM Arthritis 1(2): 1008.
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR (2016) The Use of Dapsone as a Novel “Persister” Drug in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 7: 345. doi:10.4172/2155-9554.1000345
Letters: Lyme disease: time to shift the paradigm. Approach to diagnosing Lyme disease misses a large proportion of cases, Dr Richard Horowitz BMJ 2016; 352 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i113 (Published 13 January 2016)
Cite this as: BMJ 2016;352:i113
Clinical Roundup: Selected Treatment Options for Lyme disease: Multiple Causative Factors in
Chronic Disease. Alt and Compl Therapies. DOI:10. 1089/act.2012.18407. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Vol 18, No.4 Aug 2012.
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/act.2012.18407?journalCode=act
Human Babesiosis and Ehrlichiosis-Current Status. Shah, J., Horowitz, R., Eur Infect Dis, Vol 6,
Issue 1, Spring 2012
Pain-Management Strategies In the Chronically Ill Lyme Disease Patient, Horowitz, R., P T. 2012 Apr; 37(4): 247–248
Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti: bad or worse? Stricker RB, Burrascano
JJ, Harris NS, Horowitz R, Johnson L, Smith PV, Phillips SE. J Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 15;193(6):901-
2; author reply 902. PMID: 16479529
Mycoplasma Species in Ticks. Sapi, E, Horowitz, R: Awaiting Publication
Controversy brewing over Lyme Disease testing. Phillips, Burrasano, Horowitz, Savely, Stricker
The Lancet, Vol 6 March 2006
Rash Discussions about STARI and Lyme Disease. Stricker, Horowitz, et. al. Clinical Infectious Disease, January 15, 2006 V42i2 p 306.
Possible role of tick-borne infection in "cat-scratch disease": comment on the article by Giladi et al.
Stricker RB, Brewer JH, Burrascano JJ, Horowitz R, Johnson L, Phillips SE, Savely VR, Sherr VT.
Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jul;54(7):2347-8. PMID: 16802385
Lyme Disease: Scratching the Surface. Phillips, Harris, Horowitz, Johnson, Stricker. The Lancet. Vol. 2005 November 19
Evidence-based guidelines for the management of Lyme Disease. Cameron, Horowitz, et al. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 2(1) 2004
Bartonella Henselae: Limitations of Serological Testing: Evaluation of Elisa and Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing In a
Cohort of Lyme Disease Patients and Implications for Treatment. Horowitz R.I., M.D. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
Borrelia Burgdorferi & Bartonella Henselae: A Study Comparing Tetracyclines In Combination with Quinolones in Co-Infected Patients. Horowitz R.I.,M.D. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
Mycoplasma Infections in Chronic Lyme Disease: A Retrospective Analysis of Co-Infection and Persistence Demonstrated by PCR Analysis Despite Long Term Antibiotic Treatment. Horowitz R.I.,M.D. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
A Prospective Study of Heavy Metal Exposure Among Lyme Disease Patients with Chronic Persistent Symptomatology: Implications for Treatment. Horowitz R.I.,M.D. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
Lyme Disease and Pregnancy: Implications of Chronic Infection, PCR Testing and Prenatal Treatment. Horowitz R.I. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
Effects of Shifting the Acid-Base Balance Among Lyme Patients during Jarish Herxheimer Flares: A Small Prospective Study. Horowitz R.I.,M.D. et.al. Abstract, 16th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease & Other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, June 2003.
Lyme Disease and Babesiosis: New Therapeutic Options for Chronic Persistent Disease. Horowitz R.I.,M.D.. Abstract, 13th Annual International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, March 25-26,2000.
Mefloquinine and Artemesia: A Prospective Trial of Combination Therapy in Chronic Babesiosis Horowitz R.I.,M.D.. Abstract, 13th Annual International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, March 25-26,2000.
Chronic Persistent Lyme Borreliosis: PCR Evidence of Chronic Infection Despite Extended Antibiotic Therapy- A Retrospective Review Horowitz R.I.,M.D.. Abstract, 13th Annual International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, March 25-26,2000.
Chronic Lyme Disease: A Symptom Complex of Multiple Co-Infections: New Diagnostic & Treatment Protocols. Horowitz, R.I.,M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-BorneDisorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York.
Bicillin Therapy and Lyme Disease: A Retrospective Study of the Safety and Efficacy of High Dose Intramuscular Bicillin in the Treatment of Chronic resistant Lyme Disease. Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York
High Dose Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxatole Therapy: A Useful Adjunct to Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Resistant Babesiosis. Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York
Metronidazole Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease. Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York.
Chronic Persistent Babesiosis after Acute Treatment with Cleocin and quinine, and Atovaquone and Azithromycin Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York
Babesiosis in Upstate New York: PCR and RNA Evidence of Co-Infection with Babesia Microti Among IxodidaeTicks in Dutchess County, NY. Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York
Atovaquone and Azithromycin Therapy: A New Treatment Protocol for Babesiosis in Co-Infected Lyme Patients. Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 11th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 25-26, 1998. New York, New York.
Alternative Therapies, 5 (5), 30-31: Rainbow Healing Arts Center: Integrating the Science of Medicine with the Art of Healing. Horowitz, R.I., M.D., September 1999.
Developmental Genetics, Int. J. Insect Morphol Embryol, 7 (4), 359-375: A mutation that affects female and male germ cells differently in Drosophila Melanogaster Meign. King, Bahns, Horowitz, Larramendi. Pergamon Press, 1978
Validation of the Horowitz Multiple Systemic Infectious Disease Syndrome Questionnaire for Suspected Lyme Disease. Maryalice Citera*, Ph.D., Phyllis R. Freeman2, Ph.D., Richard I. Horowitz2, M.D., International Journal of General Medicine 2017:10 249–273.
INTRODUCTION
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Tardo AC, McDaniel CE and Embers ME (2023). Superior efficacy of combination antibiotic therapy versus monotherapy in a mouse model of Lyme disease. Front. Microbiol. 14:1293300. doi:
10.3389/fmicb.2023.1293300
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CHAPTER 1 The 16-Point MSIDS Map and Questionnaire
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: The Role of the MSIDS Model in Defining, Diagnosing, and Treating Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Other Chronic Illness: Part 2. Healthcare 2018, 6, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6040129
Validation of the Horowitz Multiple Systemic Infectious Disease Syndrome Questionnaire for Suspected Lyme Disease. Maryalice Citera*, Ph.D., Phyllis R. Freeman2, Ph.D., Richard I. Horowitz2, M.D., International Journal of General Medicine 2017:10 249–273.
https://cangetbetter.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/MSIDS-QUESTIONNAIRE-FINALR.pdf
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CHAPTER 2 The 3 I’: Immunity, Inflammation,and Infections
Note: For more specific references on immunity, see Chapter 12.
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: The Role of the MSIDS Model in Defining, Diagnosing, and Treating Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Other Chronic Illness: Part 2. Healthcare 2018, 6, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6040129
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Open Neurol J. 2012:6:88-93. doi: 10.2174/1874205X01206010088. Epub 2012 Oct 5.
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Horowitz, R.I.; Fallon, J.; Freeman, P.R. Combining Double-Dose and High-Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy for Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Co-Infections, Including Bartonella: A Report of 3 Cases and a Literature Review. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12050909
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Aldén M, Olofsson Falla F, Yang D, Barghouth M, Luan C, Rasmussen M, De Marinis Y. Intracellular Reverse Transcription of Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine BNT162b2 In Vitro in Human Liver Cell Line. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022 Feb 25;44(3):1115-1126. doi: 10.3390/cimb44030073. PMID: 35723296; PMCID: PMC8946961.
Ho NI, Huis in 't Veld LGM, van Eck van der Sluijs J, et al. Saponin-based adjuvants enhance antigen cross-presentation in human CD11c+ CD1c+ CD5− CD163+ conventional type 2 dendritic cells
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This odd couple could be the next gut health breakthrough. By MDLinx staff
Published August 25, 2025.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn5421
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159124005725?via%3Dihub
Open Neurol J. 2012:6:88-93. doi: 10.2174/1874205X01206010088. Epub 2012 Oct 5.
The psychoimmunology of lyme/tick-borne diseases and its association with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Robert C. Brandsfield. PMCID: PMC3474947
DOI: 10.2174/1874205X01206010088
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https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-safety/vaccine-ingredients/thimerosal
Azzarone B, Landolina N, Mariotti FR, Moretta L, Maggi E. Soluble SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein: considering some potential pathogenic effects. Front Immunol. 2025 Jun 4;16:1616106. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1616106. PMID: 40534870; PMCID: PMC12174082.
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Hu W, Lu W, Li L, Zhang H, Lee YK, Chen W, Zhao J. Both living and dead Faecalibacterium prausnitzii alleviate house dust mite-induced allergic asthma through the modulation of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid production. J Sci Food Agric. 2021 Oct;101(13):5563-5573. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.11207. Epub 2021
CHAPTER 3 Physical and Emotional Overwhelm
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https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness
https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/meditation-and-mindfulness-effectiveness-and-safety
Having a sense of purpose may protect against dementia
Published August 26, 2025 | Originally published on MedicalXpress Breaking News-
and-Events. https://www.mdlinx.com/news/having-a-sense-of-purpose-may-protect-against-
dementia/1xG6jbVgLoUHTsbEQSA6Ug?show_order=7&utm_campaign=reg_daily-
alert_250904_daily-nl-am-v4_registered-users-
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CHAPTER 4 The Toxicity of Our World
Geueke, B., Parkinson, L.V., Groh, K.J. et al. Evidence for widespread human exposure to food contact chemicals. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00718-2
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Potential mammary carcinogens: Implications for policy, enforcement, and prevention, Frontiers in Toxicology (2024). DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1440331
The potential of micro and nanoplastics to exacerbate the health impacts and global burden of non-communicable diseases. Krause, Stefan et al. Cell Reports Medicine, Volume 5, Issue 6, 101581
ReviewVolume 5, Issue 6101581June 18, 2024
Wu D, et al. Pigment microparticles and microplastics found in human thrombi based on Raman spectral evidence. J Adv Res. 2023 Jul:49:141-150. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.004. Epub 2022 Sep 15.
Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events
Authors: Raffaele Marfella, M.D., Ph.D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3960-9270, Francesco Prattichizzo, Ph.D., Celestino Sardu, M.D., Ph.D., Gianluca Fulgenzi, Ph.D., Laura Graciotti, Ph.D., Tatiana Spadoni, Ph.D., Nunzia D’Onofrio, Ph.D., +35, and Giuseppe Paolisso, M.D. Published March 6, 2024 N Engl J Med 2024;390:900-910
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2309822
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-do-we-know-about-microplastics-in-food?slot_pos=article_3&utm_source=Sailthru%20Email&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=MNT%20Daily%20News&utm_content=2024-05-23&apid=32244581&rvid=b53776ea4aeefbff046accba854e15 Sophie V. L. Leonard, Catriona R. Liddle, Charlotte A. Atherall, Emma Chapman, Matthew Watkins, Simon D. J. Calaminus, Jeanette M. Rotchell, Microplastics in human blood: Polymer types, concentrations and characterisation using μFTIR, Environment International, Volume 188, 2024,108751,ISSN 0160-4120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108751.
https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-analysis-confirms-2023-as-warmest-year-on-record/
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-heat-and-health
https://time.com/6303020/chronic-kidney-disease-climate-change/
https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/51826
El-Sayed A, Kamel M. Future threat from the past. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Jan;28(2):1287-1291. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11234-9. Epub 2020 Oct 17. PMID: 33068243; PMCID: PMC7567650.
https://wmo.int/publication-series/state-of-global-water-resources-2023
https://www.drought.gov/current-conditions
https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/india-news/india-now-faces-a-scary-water-crisis/#
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: The Role of the MSIDS Model in Defining, Diagnosing, and Treating Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Other Chronic Illness: Part 2. Healthcare 2018, 6, 129.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400667
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/oct/19/pesticide-neonicotinoids-brain-development
https://defenders.org/blog/2022/07/animals-brink-of-extinction
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaw1313
https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-exposure-report/about/index.html.
A pilot study of pesticides and PCBs in the breast milk of women residing in urban and agricultural communities of California†‡
Rosana Hernandez Weldon,a Dana Boyd Barr,b Celina Trujillo,a Asa Bradman,a Nina Hollanda and Brenda Eskenazi*a
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Issue 11, 2011
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/em/c1em10469a
- Environ. Monit., 2011,13, 3136-3144
Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy increases postpartum depression risk for at least 3 years, study finds. Published September 13, 2024 | Originally published on MedicalXpress Breaking News-and-Events
https://css.umich.edu/publications/factsheets/sustainability-indicators/carbon-footprint-factsheet
https://www.theguardian.com/wellness/2024/oct/08/halloween-costumes-toxic-chemical-bpa-fast-fashion
https://static.ewg.org/pdf/EWG_GlyphosateinFood-Guide_C02.pdf
Popular alternative sweetener linked to stroke and heart attack risks. By Lisa Marie Basile Published August 15, 2024
Witkowski M, Wilcox J, Province V, et al. Ingestion of the non-nutritive sweetener erythritol, but not glucose, enhances platelet reactivity and thrombosis potential in healthy volunteers. ATVB.
Sweetened Beverages, Genetic Susceptibility, and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Cohort Study
Ying Sun, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8529-3521, Bowei Yu, MD https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7056-400X, Yuefeng Yu, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7439-4231, Bin Wang, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4869-1352, Xiao Tan, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3992-5812, Yingli Lu, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5117-1614, Yu Wang, MD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0975-8937 wangyushidonghos@163.com, Kun Zhang, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5137-987X zhangkun1014@126.com, and Ningjian Wang, MD, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9591-6991 wnj486@126.com
Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.123.012145
https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-electromagnetic-fields
EHT Submits Comments to the European Commission SCHEER draft on EMF, Health and Environment
Jan 10, 2024
Study links smartphone use to low sperm count and male infertility
Association between self-reported mobile phone use and the semen quality of young men
Rahban, Rita et al. Fertility and Sterility, Volume 120, Issue 6, 1181 - 1192
https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(23)01875-7/fulltext
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Asghari A, Khaki AA, Rajabzadeh A, Khaki A. A review on Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and the reproductive system. Electron Physician. 2016 Jul 25;8(7):2655-62. doi: 10.19082/2655. PMID: 27648194; PMCID: PMC5014506.
Havas Magda. Engineering and Thechnology history. 1976. Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation.
Weeks B. Wi-Fi and neurological diseases. Weeks MD. 2015
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https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/microplastics.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-019-0308-0
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9135010/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11100893/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10151227/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969724066750?via%3Dihub
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https://www.cpsc.gov/FAQ/Phthalates
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Yeoh CSL, Alrazihi LA, Wong ST, Wong SF. Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Human Health: A Review of Exposure Routes and Potential Toxicities Across the Lifespan. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2025 Jul 8:vgaf172. doi: 10.1093/etojnl/vgaf172. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40627414.
CHAPTER 5 The Master List of Inflammatory Pathways and Inflammation-Reducing Medications/Supplements
Hu W, Lu W, Li L, Zhang H, Lee YK, Chen W, Zhao J. Both living and dead Faecalibacterium prausnitzii alleviate house dust mite-induced allergic asthma through the modulation of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid production. J Sci Food Agric. 2021 Oct;101(13):5563-5573. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.11207. Epub 2021 Apr 30. PMID: 33709404.
Landry, R.L.; Embers, M.E. The Probable Infectious Origin of Multiple Sclerosis. NeuroSci 2023, 4, 211-234. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4030019
Pathogenic Mycoplasma Infections in Chronic Illnesses: General Considerations in Selecting Conventional and Integrative Treatments
Garth L. Nicolson_Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California, USA._
International Journal of Clinical Medicine. Vol 10 No. 10, October 2019. Ristori, G.; Buzzi, M.G.; Sabatini, U.; Giugni, E.; Bastianello, S.; Viselli, F.; Buttinelli, C.; Ruggieri, S.; Colonnese, C.; Pozzilli, C.; et al. Use of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1999, 53, 1588–1589
Valverde-Molina J, García-Marcos L. Microbiome and Asthma: Microbial Dysbiosis and the Origins, Phenotypes, Persistence, and Severity of Asthma. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 17;15(3):486. doi: 10.3390/nu15030486. PMID: 36771193; PMCID: PMC9921812
Hu W, Lu W, Li L, Zhang H, Lee YK, Chen W, Zhao J. Both living and dead Faecalibacterium prausnitzii alleviate house dust mite-induced allergic asthma through the modulation of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid production. J Sci Food Agric. 2021 Oct;101(13):5563-5573. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.11207. Epub 2021 Apr 30. PMID: 33709404.
Lynch SV, Boushey HA. The microbiome and development of allergic disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Apr;16(2):165-71. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000255. PMID: 26885707; PMCID: PMC5378446.
Singh H, Meyer AN, Thomas EJ. The frequency of diagnostic errors in outpatient care: estimations from three large observational studies involving US adult populations. BMJ Qual Saf. 2014 Sep;23(9):727-31. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002627. Epub 2014 Apr 17. PMID: 24742777; PMCID: PMC4145460.
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Ristori, G.; Buzzi, M.G.; Sabatini, U.; Giugni, E.; Bastianello, S.; Viselli, F.; Buttinelli, C.; Ruggieri, S.; Colonnese, C.; Pozzilli, C.; et al. Use of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1999, 53, 1588–1589.
Covian, C.; Fernandez-Fierro, A.; Retamal-Diaz, A.; Diaz, F.E.; Vasquez, A.E.; Lay, M.K.; Riedel, C.A.; Gonzalez, P.A.; Bueno, S.M.; Kalergis, A.M. BCG-Induced Cross-Protection and Development of Trained Immunity: Implication for Vaccine Design. Front. Immunol. 2019, 10, 2806.
Landry, R.L.; Embers, M.E. The Probable Infectious Origin of Multiple Sclerosis. NeuroSci 2023, 4, 211-234. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4030019
Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Sun J. Microbiome and intestinal pathophysiology in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Genes Dis. 2023 Jun 19;11(3):100978. doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.03.034. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37362775; PMCID: PMC10278891.
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/rumor-control/facts-about-dietary-supplements
Empirical Validation of the Horowitz Multiple Systemic Infectious Disease Syndrome Questionnaire for Suspected Lyme Disease. Maryalice Citera*, Ph.D., Phyllis R. Freeman2, Ph.D., Richard I. Horowitz2, M.D., International Journal of General Medicine 2017:10 249–273.
Azizi M, Juraschek SP. A Trans-Atlantic Perspective on the 2025 AHA/ACC Guidelines for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. Circulation. 2025 Aug 14:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.075742. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.075742. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40811494; PMCID: PMC12356496.
Gropper SS. The Role of Nutrition in Chronic Disease. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 28;15(3):664. doi: 10.3390/nu15030664. PMID: 36771368; PMCID: PMC9921002.
Lee JH, Kanwar B, Lee CJ, Sergi C, Coleman MD. Dapsone is an anticatalysis for Alzheimer's disease exacerbation. iScience. 2022 Apr 20;25(5):104274. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104274. PMID: 35542045; PMCID: PMC9079171.
Demidowich, A.P.; Davis, A.I.; Dedhia, N.; Yanovski, J.A. Colchicine to decrease NLRP3-activated inflammation and improve obesity-related metabolic dysregulation. Med. Hypotheses 2016, 92, 67–73.
Dapsone documentary: https://players.brightcove.net/6314452011001/PAMDt93Yi_default/index.html?videoId=6353288590112
10 Dapsone Articles on The Effective Treatment of Chronic LD & Associated Co-infections Including Bartonella: As of May 11, 2024
Horowitz, R.I.; Fallon, J.; Freeman, P.R. Combining Double-Dose and High-Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy for Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Co-Infections, Including Bartonella: A Report of 3 Cases and a Literature Review. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12050909
Horowitz, R.I.; Fallon, J.; Freeman, P.R. Comparison of the Efficacy of Longer versus Shorter Pulsed High Dose Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome with Bartonellosis and Associated Coinfections. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092301
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR. Efficacy of Short-Term High Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-Infections: A Report of Three Cases and Literature Review. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(7):912. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070912
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Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Efficacy of Double-Dose Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-infections: A Report of Three Cases and Retrospective Chart Review. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110725
Horowitz, R.I., Murali, K., Gaur, G. et al. Effect of dapsone alone and in combination with intracellular antibiotics against the biofilm form of B. burgdorferi. BMC Res Notes 13, 455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05298-6
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Modulating Neuroinflammation to Treat Neuropsychiatric Disorders
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Shufen Zhang, Yingping Zeng, Kai Wang, Guangtao Song, Yiru Yu, Tingting Meng, Hong Yuan, Fuqiang Hu,
Chitosan-based nano-micelles for potential anti-tumor immunotherapy: Synergistic effect of cGAS-STING signaling pathway activation and tumor antigen absorption,
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Jong Hoon Lee, Badar Kanwar, Chul Joong Lee, Consolato Sergi, Michael D. Coleman,
Dapsone is an anticatalysis for Alzheimer’s disease exacerbation,
iScience, Volume 25, Issue 5, 2022, 104274,
ISSN 2589-0042,
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Kaifeng Liu, Yongqi Lan, Xiaoling Li, Mingyue Li, Liao Cui, Hui Luo, Lianxiang Luo,
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Rodrigues Hallison, Parikh Purvi, Mora Javier, Mora-Rodríguez Rodrigo A.Immune-Based Prediction of
COVID-19 Severity and Chronicity Decoded Using Machine Learning Frontiers in Immunology, 12,
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CHAPTER 6 A is for ADD/ADHD, Allergies/Asthma, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Alzheimer’s Disease
State-of-the-Art Review Articles| February 01 2008 Etiologic Classification of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Lee, J. et al. 4,40-Diaminodiphenyl Sulfone (DDS) as an Inflammasome Competitor. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 5953; doi:10.3390/ijms21175953 www.mdpi
Durães F, Pinto M, Sousa E. Old Drugs as New Treatments for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceuticals. 2018; 11(2):44. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph11020044
Cicero AFG et al. Botanicals and phytochemicals active on cognitive decline: The clinical evidence. Pharmacol Res. 2018 Apr;130:204-212. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.029.
Dost FS, et al. Theracurmin Supplementation May be a Therapeutic Option for Older Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: A 6-Month Retrospective Follow-Up Studu. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2021;18(14):1087-1092. doi:10.2174/1567205019666211221125255.
Auchter, A, et al. Therapeutic benefits of methylene blue on cognitive impairment during chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42 Suppl 4:S525-35. doi:10.3233/JAD-141527.
CHAPTER 7 B Is for the B’s: Borrelia, Bartonella, and Babesia: The Tick-Borne Diseases in Epidemic Proportion
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR (2016) The Use of Dapsone as a Novel “Persister” Drug in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 7: 345. doi:10.4172/2155-9554.1000345
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: The Role of the MSIDS Model in Defining, Diagnosing, and Treating Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Other Chronic Illness: Part 2. Healthcare 2018, 6, 129.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400667
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR (2016) Are Mycobacterium Drugs Effective for Treatment Resistant Lyme Disease, Tick-Borne Co-Infections, and Autoimmune Disease?. JSM Arthritis 1(2): 1008.
Horowitz, R.I.; Fallon, J.; Freeman, P.R. Combining Double-Dose and High-Dose Pulsed Dapsone Combination Therapy for Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Co-Infections, Including Bartonella: A Report of 3 Cases and a Literature Review. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12050909
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Efficacy of Double-Dose Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-infections: A Report of Three Cases and Retrospective Chart Review. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110725
Horowitz, R.I., Murali, K., Gaur, G. et al. Effect of dapsone alone and in combination with intracellular antibiotics against the biofilm form of B. burgdorferi. BMC Res Notes 13, 455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05298-6
Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: retrospective chart review and data analysis of 200 patients on dapsone combination therapy for chronic Lyme disease/post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome: part 1. International Journal of General Medicine 2019:12 101–119
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30863136
Horowitz, R. Babesiosis in Upstate NY. PCR and RNA Evidence of Co-infection with Babesia Microti Among Ixodes Ticks in Dutchess County, NY. 12th International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal & - Tick- Borne Disorders. April 1999, NYC, NY
Mefloquine and Artemesia: A Prospective Trial of Combination Therapy in Chronic Babesiosis Horowitz R.I., M.D. Abstract, 13th Annual International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, March 25-26, 2000.
Lemieux et al. A Global Map of Genetic Diversity in Babesia Microti Reveals Strong Population Structure and Identifies Variants Associated with Clinical Relapse. Nat Microbiol. 2016 Jun13;1(7):16079
Zhang Y, Alvarez-Manzo H, Leone J, Schweig S, Zhang Y. Botanical Medicines Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, and Alchornea cordifolia Demonstrate Inhibitory Activity Against Babesia duncani. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 Mar 8;11:624745. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624745. PMID: 33763384; PMCID: PMC7982592.
Peter J Krause, Ralph Rogers, Monika K Shah, HeeEun Kang, Jeffrey Parsonnet, Rich Kodama, Edouard Vannier, Tafenoquine for Relapsing Babesiosis: A Case Series, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 79, Issue 1, 15 July 2024, Pages 130–137, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciae238
Chronic Lyme Disease: A Symptom Complex of Multiple Co-Infections: New Diagnostic & Treatment Protocols. Horowitz, R.I., M.D. 12th International Conference on Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Disorders, April 9-10, 1999. New York, New York.
Lyme Disease and Babesiosis: New Therapeutic Options for Chronic Persistent Disease. Horowitz R.I., M.D.. Abstract, 13th Annual International Scientific Conference on Lyme Disease and other Tick-Borne Disorders. Hartford, Connecticut, March 25-26, 2000
Li, T. et al. Identification of FDA-Approved Drugs with Activity against Stationary Phase Bartonella henselae. Antibiotics 2019, 8(2), 50;
Deng P, Qin B, Liang A, Zhou Q, Fu X, Liu X, Lao C, Li X, He S, Tang L, Zhao Z, Chen W, Liu D, Li Y, Shi Y. Triatoma rubrofasciata as a potential vector for bartonellosis. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2025 Dec;14(1):2494291. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2025.2494291. Epub 2025 May 2. PMID: 40231453; PMCID: PMC12051607
Zheng X, Ma X, Li T, Shi W, Zhang Y. Effect of different drugs and drug combinations on killing stationary phase and biofilms recovered cells of Bartonella henselae in vitro. BMC Microbiol. 2020 Apr 10;20(1):87. doi: 10.1186/s12866-020-01777-9. PMID: 32276590; PMCID: PMC7149919.
Rebekah L. Bullard, Emily L. Olsen, Mercedes A. Cheslock, Monica E. Embers, Evaluation of the available animal models for Bartonella infections, One Health, Volume 18, 2024,100665, ISSN 2352-7714, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100665.
CHAPTER 8 C Is for Cardiovascular Conditions. Cancer, and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Fibromyalgia
11.3% of the US Population with a projected increase to 15% by 2050:
Karen E. Joynt Maddox, MD, MPH, FAHA Forecasting the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke in the United States Through 2050—Prevalence of Risk Factors and Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association 4 June 2024; Volume 150, Number 4
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001256
Grunau GL, Gueron S, Pornov B, Linn S. The Risk of Cancer Might be Lower Than We Think. Alternatives to Lifetime Risk Estimates. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2018 Jan 29;9(1):e0002. doi: 10.5041/RMMJ.10321. PMID: 29135419; PMCID: PMC5796733.
Vernon SD, Zheng T, Do H, Marconi VC, Jason LA, Singer NG, Natelson BH, Sherif ZA, Bonilla HF, Taylor E, Mullington JM, Ashktorab H, Laiyemo AO, Brim H, Patterson TF, Akintonwa TT, Sekar A, Peluso MJ, Maniar N, Bateman L, Horwitz LI, Hess R; NIH Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Consortium. Incidence and Prevalence of Post-COVID-19 Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: A Report from the Observational RECOVER-Adult Study. J Gen Intern Med. 2025 Jan 13. doi: 10.1007/s11606-024-09290-9. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39804551.
Savin E, Rosenn G, Tsur AM, Hen O, Ehrenberg S, Gendelman O, Buskila D, Halpert G, Amital D, Amital H. The possible onset of fibromyalgia following acute COVID-19 infection. PLoS One. 2023 Feb 10;18(2):e0281593. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281593. PMID: 36763625; PMCID: PMC9916594.
Staud R. Autonomic dysfunction in fibromyalgia syndrome: postural orthostatic tachycardia. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008 Dec;10(6):463-6. doi: 10.1007/s11926-008-0076-8. PMID: 19007537.
Sardu C, Fulgenzi G, Graciotti L, Spadoni T, D'Onofrio N, Scisciola L, La Grotta R, Frigé C, Pellegrini V, Municinò M, Siniscalchi M, Spinetti F, Vigliotti G, Vecchione C, Carrizzo A, Accarino G, Squillante A, Spaziano G, Mirra D, Esposito R, Altieri S, Falco G, Fenti A, Galoppo S, Canzano S, Sasso FC, Matacchione G, Olivieri F, Ferraraccio F, Panarese I, Paolisso P, Barbato E, Lubritto C, Balestrieri ML, Mauro C, Caballero AE, Rajagopalan S, Ceriello A, D'Agostino B, Iovino P, Paolisso G. Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events. N Engl J Med. 2024 Mar 7;390(10):900-910. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2309822. PMID: 38446676; PMCID: PMC11009876.
Meier CR, Derby LE, Jick SS, Vasilakis C, Jick H. Antibiotics and Risk of Subsequent First-time Acute Myocardial Infarction. JAMA. 1999;281(5):427–431. doi:10.1001/jama.281.5.427
Piñon-Esteban, P., Núñez, L., Moure, R. et al. Presence of bacterial DNA in thrombotic material of patients with myocardial infarction. Sci Rep 10, 16299 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73011-5
Soto-Gomez N, Anzueto A, Waterer GW, Restrepo MI, Mortensen EM. Pneumonia: an arrhythmogenic disease? Am J Med. 2013 Jan;126(1):43-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.08.005. Epub 2012 Nov 20. PMID: 23177550; PMCID: PMC3615552.
Corrales-Medina VF, Taljaard M, Yende S, Kronmal R, Dwivedi G, Newman AB, Elkind MS, Lyles MF, Chirinos JA. Intermediate and long-term risk of new-onset heart failure after hospitalization for pneumonia in elderly adults. Am Heart J. 2015 Aug;170(2):306-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.04.028. Epub 2015 May 2. PMID: 26299228; PMCID: PMC4548825.
Cardiac Manifestations of Lyme Disease
Richard V. Shen, MD, Carol A. McCarthy, MD. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. Review articleVolume 36, Issue 3 p553-561September 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2022.03.001
Corrêa FG, Pontes CL, Verzola RM, Mateos JC, Velho PE, Schijman AG, Selistre-de-Araujo HS. Association of Bartonella spp bacteremia with Chagas cardiomyopathy, endocarditis and arrhythmias in patients from South America. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012 Jul;45(7):644-51. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500082. Epub 2012 May 17. PMID: 22584639; PMCID: PMC3854270.
Ghamar Talepoor A, Doroudchi M. Immunosenescence in atherosclerosis: A role for chronic viral infections. Front Immunol. 2022 Aug 17;13:945016. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945016. PMID: 36059478; PMCID: PMC9428721.
Medha Dwivedi, et al. A Review on the Epidemiology and Clinical Management of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets, 25, 2, (2025).https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715265305007240718081727
An K, Jia Y, Xie B, Gao J, Chen Y, Yuan W, Zhong J, Su P, Liu X. Alterations in the gut mycobiome with coronary artery disease severity. EBioMedicine. 2024 May;103:105137. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105137. Epub 2024 May 3. PMID: 38703606; PMCID: PMC11087906.
Akther, J., Nabi, A., & Ebihara, A. (2019). Heavy metals as environmental risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: from the perspective of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system and oxidative stress. Reviews in Agricultural Science, 7(0), 68-83. https://doi.org/10.7831/ras.7.0_68
Peters, J., Perlstein, T., Perry, M., McNeely, E., & Weuve, J. (2010). Cadmium exposure in association with history of stroke and heart failure. Environmental Research, 110(2), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.12.004
Pollution and the Heart.Authors: Sanjay Rajagopalan, M.D. and Philip J. Landrigan, M.D. Published November 10, 2021 N Engl J Med 2021;385:1881-1892 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra2030281 VOL. 385 NO. 20
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GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020;396:1223-1249.
Luedde, M., Winkler, T., Heinsen, F., Rühlemann, M., Spehlmann, M., Bajrovic, A., … & Frey, N. (2017). Heart failure is associated with depletion of core intestinal microbiota. Esc Heart Failure, 4(3), 282-290. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12155
Zhang B, Wang X, Xia R, Li C. Gut microbiota in coronary artery disease: a friend or foe? Biosci Rep. 2020 May 29;40(5):BSR20200454. doi: 10.1042/BSR20200454. PMID: 32352513; PMCID: PMC7225411.
Md. Mominur Raman et al. The Gut Microbiota (Microbiome) in Cardiovascular Disease and Its Therapeutic Regulation. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. , 19 June 2022. Sec. Microbiome in Health and Disease. Volume 12 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.903570
Piccioni A, de Cunzo T, Valletta F, Covino M, Rinninella E, Raoul P, Zanza C, Mele MC, Franceschi F. Gut Microbiota and Environment in Coronary Artery Disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 16;18(8):4242. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18084242. PMID: 33923612; PMCID: PMC8073779.
Kovanen PT. Mast Cells as Potential Accelerators of Human Atherosclerosis-From Early to Late Lesions. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Sep 11;20(18):4479. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184479. PMID: 31514285; PMCID: PMC6770933.
Bot I, Shi GP, Kovanen PT. Mast cells as effectors in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015 Feb;35(2):265-71. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303570. Epub 2014 Aug 7. PMID: 25104798; PMCID: PMC4304944.
Hung M, Birmingham WC, Ocampo M, Mohajeri A. The Role of Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients. 2023 Aug 11;15(16):3547. doi: 10.3390/nu15163547. PMID: 37630735; PMCID: PMC10459780.
Rosique-Esteban N, Guasch-Ferré M, Hernández-Alonso P, Salas-Salvadó J. Dietary Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review with Emphasis in Epidemiological Studies. Nutrients. 2018 Feb 1;10(2):168. doi: 10.3390/nu10020168. PMID: 29389872; PMCID: PMC5852744.
Mohammadifard N, Gotay C, Humphries KH, Ignaszewski A, Esmaillzadeh A, Sarrafzadegan N. Electrolyte minerals intake and cardiovascular health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(15):2375-2385. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1453474. Epub 2018 Apr 4. PMID: 29543505.
Obstructive sleep apnea might trigger myocardial infarction. Nat Rev Cardiol 5, 676 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpcardio1339
Kaisaierjiang Kadier et al. Association of sleep-related disorders with cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States: A cross-sectional study based on national health and nutrition examination survey 2005–2008. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. , 03 August 2022
Sec. Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention
Volume 9 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.954238
Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, Cockroft KM, Gutierrez J, Lombardi-Hill D, Kamel H, Kernan WN, Kittner SJ, Leira EC, Lennon O, Meschia JF, Nguyen TN, Pollak PM, Santangeli P, Sharrief AZ, Smith SC Jr, Turan TN, Williams LS. 2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2021 Jul;52(7):e364-e467. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000375. Epub 2021 May 24. Erratum in: Stroke. 2021 Jul;52(7):e483-e484. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000383. PMID: 34024117.
Liu, M. et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure and its therapeutic implications. Front Cardiovasc. Med. 23 August 2022. Sec. Cardiovascular Therapeutics
Volume 9 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.945142
Rhee SS, Pearce EN. Update: Systemic Diseases and the Cardiovascular System (II). The endocrine system and the heart: a review. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2011 Mar;64(3):220-31. doi: 10.1016/j.recesp.2010.10.015. Epub 2011 Feb 16. PMID: 21330038.
Fischer F, Schulte H, Mohan S, Tataru MC, Köhler E, Assmann G, von Eckardstein A. Associations of insulin-like growth factors, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and acid-labile subunit with coronary heart disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004 Nov;61(5):595-602. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02136.x. PMID: 15521962.
Xiaopeng Liang, Benjamin Or, Man F Tsoi, Ching L Cheung, Bernard M Y Cheung, Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–18, Postgraduate Medical Journal, Volume 99, Issue 1175, September 2023, Pages 985–992, https://doi.org/10.1093/postmj/qgad008
Hester M. den Ruijter, et al. Estrogen and Cardiovascular Health. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. , 29 March 2022. Sec. Sex and Gender in Cardiovascular Medicine
Volume 9 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.886592
Anderson JL, Vanwoerkom RC, Horne BD, Bair TL, May HT, Lappé DL, Muhlestein JB. Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, renal dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease: dependent or independent risk factors? Am Heart J. 2011 Aug;162(2):331-339.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.05.005. PMID: 21835295.
Bell JR, Bernasochi GB, Varma U, Raaijmakers AJ, Delbridge LM. Sex and sex hormones in cardiac stress--mechanistic insights. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013 Sep;137:124-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.015. Epub 2013 Jun 13. PMID: 23770428.
Lopez-Pier MA, Lipovka Y, Koppinger MP, Harris PR, Konhilas JP. The clinical impact of estrogen loss on cardiovascular disease in menopausal females. Med Res Arch. 2018 Feb;6(2):1663. Epub 2018 Feb 15. PMID: 32149188; PMCID: PMC7059770.
Therese Johansson, MSc et al. Oral Contraceptives, Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Stroke Risk
Stroke. Volume 53, Number 10, 23 Jun, 2022
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.038659
Stroke and myocardial infarction with contemporary hormonal contraception: real-world, nationwide, prospective cohort study, The BMJ (2025). DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2024-082801
Targher, G., Byrne, C., & Tilg, H. (2020). Nafld and increased risk of cardiovascular disease: clinical associations, pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacological implications. Gut, 69(9), 1691-1705. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320622
Hirata, A. (2023). New insights into the relation between metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Jacc Asia, 3(6), 922-924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacasi.2023.08.013
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Pinter A, Szatmari S Jr, Horvath T, Penzlin AI, Barlinn K, Siepmann M, Siepmann T. Cardiac dysautonomia in depression - heart rate variability biofeedback as a potential add-on therapy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019 May 17;15:1287-1310. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S200360. PMID: 31190834; PMCID: PMC6529729.
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How the brain impacts the heart: lessons from ischaemic stroke and other neurological disorders
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Kasra Moazzami, MD, MPH, MSCR, et al. Cardiovascular Reactivity to Mental Stress and Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.Journal of the American Heart Association. Volume 14, Number 3
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Association of Depression and Cardiovascular Disease. Krittanawong, Chayakrit et al.
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Hu Z, Sun W, Cui E, Chen B, Zhang M. Association between psychiatric disorders and the risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Front Neurol. 2024 Dec 18;15:1444862. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1444862. PMID: 39744110; PMCID: PMC11688293.
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Circulation Volume 148, Issue 9, 29 August 2023; Pages e9-e119
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Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines
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Science Direct. Cardiovascular Deconditioning
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Author links open overlay panel Qi Fu, Benjamin D. Levine
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Tian D, Meng J. Exercise for Prevention and Relief of Cardiovascular Disease: Prognoses, Mechanisms, and Approaches. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019 Apr 9;2019:3756750. doi: 10.1155/2019/3756750. PMID: 31093312; PMCID: PMC6481017.
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Horowitz, R.I.; Freeman, P.R. Precision Medicine: The Role of the MSIDS Model in Defining, Diagnosing, and Treating Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Other Chronic Illness: Part 2. Healthcare 2018, 6, 129.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30400667
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Deepika Laddu, PhD, FAHA, Chair et al. Implementation of Obesity Science Into Clinical Practice: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Originally Published 20 May 2024
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Dawn O. Kleindorfer, MD, FAHA, Chair, et al. 2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Originally Published 24 May 2021. Stroke
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Precision cancer treatment using magnet-guided, heat-activated nanoparticles. Published March 10, 2025 | Originally published on ScienceDaily Top Health
CRISPR cuts gene from head and neck cancers through direct injection—50% of tumors eliminated in animal models
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CHAPTER 9 D Is for Digestion
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Protective effects of Arbutus unedo extract on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats: histological, biochemical, and antioxidant assessments
Soumaya Wahabi, Slimen Selmi, Khaoula Gharbi, Ala Ayari, Fethi Yahmdi, Hichem Sebai
First published: 21 May 2025
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Xinzhen Che et al. The lactylation-macrophage interplay: implications for gastrointestinal disease therapeutics . Front. Immunol., 08 July 2025 Sec. Molecular Innate Immunity
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CHAPTER 10 E Is for Environmental Toxins, F Is for Functional Medicine, G Is for Genetics
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Faure S, Noisel N, Werry K, Karthikeyan S, Aylward LL, St-Amand A. Evaluation of human biomonitoring data in a health risk based context: An updated analysis of population level data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2020 Jan;223(1):267-280. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.009. Epub 2019 Sep 13. PMID: 31523017.
Woodruff TJ. Health Effects of Fossil Fuel-Derived Endocrine Disruptors. N Engl J Med. 2024 Mar 7;390(10):922-933. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2300476. PMID: 38446677.
Meichen Wang, Zunwei Chen, Ivan Rusyn, Timothy D. Phillips. Testing the efficacy of broad-acting sorbents for environmental mixtures using isothermal analysis, mammalian cells, and H. vulgaris. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 408, 2021,124425,ISSN 0304-3894,
Meichen Wang, Asuka A. Orr, Joseph M. Jakubowski, Kelsea E. Bird, Colleen M. Casey, Sara E. Hearon, Phanourios Tamamis, Timothy D. Phillips/ Enhanced adsorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by edible, nutrient-amended montmorillonite clays, Water Research, Volume 188, 2021,116534,
ISSN 0043-1354,
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Replacing Plastics iHEALTH FEB. 8, 2024
Hafiz Nawaz Hussain, et al. Advances in the removal of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from water using destructive and non destructive methods, Green Analytical Chemistry, Volume 12, 2025, 100225,
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Daniel So, et al. Dietary fiber intervention on gut microbiota composition in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 107, Issue 6, 2018, Pages 965-983, ISSN 0002-9165,
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Kunutsor, S.K., Jassal, D.S., Ravandi, A. et al. Dietary flaxseed: Cardiometabolic benefits and its role in promoting healthy aging. GeroScience (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-025-01512-0
Shayan M, Kamalian S, Sahebkar A, Tayarani-Najaran Z. Flaxseed for Health and Disease: Review of Clinical Trials. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2020;23(8):699-722. doi: 10.2174/1386207323666200521121708. PMID: 32436825.
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Georgiou-Siafis, S.K.; Tsiftsoglou, A.S. The Key Role of GSH in Keeping the Redox Balance in Mammalian Cells: Mechanisms and Significance of GSH in Detoxification via Formation of Conjugates. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1953. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12111953
Marcel Deponte, Chapter 12 - Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes, Editor(s): Beatriz Alvarez, Marcelo A. Comini, Gustavo Salinas, Madia Trujillo, Redox Chemistry and Biology of Thiols,
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Cai W, Tong R, Sun Y, Yao Y, Zhang J. Comparative efficacy of five approved Janus kinase inhibitors as monotherapy and combination therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe active rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Apr 24;15:1387585. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1387585. PMID: 38725657; PMCID: PMC11080655.
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Miao He, et al. An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 01 May 2023
Sec. Clinical Microbiology
Volume 13 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1193645
Bausson J, Keller N, Von Hunolstein JJ, Sacrez M, Michel B, Gourieux B, Fourtage M, Felten R. Safety and efficacy of colchicine in crystal-induced arthritis flare in 54 patients with severe chronic kidney disease. RMD Open. 2024 Jan 31;10(1):e003872. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003872. PMID: 38296804; PMCID: PMC10831468.
Horowitz RI, Freeman PR (2016) Are Mycobacterium Drugs Effective for Treatment Resistant Lyme Disease, Tick-Borne Co-Infections, and Autoimmune Disease?. JSM Arthritis 1(2): 1008.
Childress MA, Becker BA. Nonoperative Management of Cervical Radiculopathy. Am Fam Physician. 2016 May 1;93(9):746-54. PMID: 27175952.
Peene L, Cohen SP, Brouwer B, James R, Wolff A, Van Boxem K, Van Zundert J. 2. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2023 Sep;23(7):800-817. doi: 10.1111/papr.13252. Epub 2023 Jun 4. PMID: 37272250.
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Dillingham TR, Annaswamy TM, Plastaras CT. Evaluation of persons with suspected lumbosacral and cervical radiculopathy: Electrodiagnostic assessment and implications for treatment and outcomes (Part I). Muscle Nerve. 2020 Oct;62(4):462-473. doi: 10.1002/mus.26997. Epub 2020 Jul 18. PMID: 32557709.
Alessandro Chiarotto, P.T., Ph.D. and Bart W. Koes, Ph.D. Nonspecific Low Back Pain, Published May 4, 2022. N Engl J Med 2022;386:1732-1740. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp2032396
ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Low Back Pain: 2021 Update. Hutchins, Troy A. et al.
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Theodore N. Degenerative Cervical Spondylosis. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 9;383(2):159-168. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2003558. PMID: 32640134.
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CHAPTER 16 V Is for Viruses
Horowitz, R.I., Freeman P, Bruzzese, J. Efficacy of glutathione therapy in relieving dyspnea associated with COVID-19 pneumonia: A report of 2 cases. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, April 21, 2020. Article Number: 101063
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101063
R.I. Horowitz, P.R. Freeman, Three Novel Prevention, Diagnostic and Treatment Options for COVID-19 Urgently Necessitating Controlled Randomized Trials, Medical Hypotheses (2020)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720308276?via%3Dihub
Patterson BK, Guevara-Coto J, Yogendra R, Francisco EB, Long E, Pise A, Rodrigues H, Parikh P, Mora J, Mora-Rodríguez RA. Immune-Based Prediction of COVID-19 Severity and Chronicity Decoded Using Machine Learning. Front Immunol. 2021 Jun 28;12:700782. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.700782. PMID: 34262570; PMCID: PMC8273732.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8273732
Turner S, Khan MA, Putrino D, Woodcock A, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Long COVID: pathophysiological factors and abnormalities of coagulation. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Jun;34(6):321-344. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.03.002. Epub 2023 Apr 19. PMID: 37080828; PMCID: PMC10113134.
Patterson BK, Francisco EB, Yogendra R, Long E, Pise A, Rodrigues H, Hall E, Herrera M, Parikh P, Guevara-Coto J, Triche TJ, Scott P, Hekmati S, Maglinte D, Chang X, Mora-Rodríguez RA, Mora J. Persistence of SARS CoV-2 S1 Protein in CD16+ Monocytes in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) up to 15 Months Post-Infection. Front Immunol. 2022 Jan 10;12:746021. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.746021. PMID: 35082777; PMCID: PMC8784688.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35082777/
The Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Role in Long Covid
Authors: Katie E. Lineburg, Ph.D., and Corey Smith, Ph.D. corey.smith@qimrberghofer.edu.auAuthor Info & Affiliations. Published August 22, 2023, NEJM Evid 2023;2(9), DOI: 10.1056/EVIDe2300165
Chen B, Julg B, Mohandas S, Bradfute SB; RECOVER Mechanistic Pathways Task Force. Viral persistence, reactivation, and mechanisms of long COVID. Elife. 2023 May 4;12:e86015. doi: 10.7554/eLife.86015. PMID: 37140960; PMCID: PMC10159620.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10159620/
Simonnet A., Engelmann I., Moreau A.-S., Garcia B., Six S., El Kalioubie A., Robriquet L., Hober D., Jourdain M. High incidence of Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and human-herpes 6 reactivation in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Infect. Dis. Now. 2021;51:296–299. doi: 10.1016/j.idnow.2021.01.005
reactivation of several HHVs, such as VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-7 (Ciccarese et al., 2020; Massey et al., 2020; Simonnet et al., 2021; Zubchenko et al., 2022).
Sequential activation of DNA viruses by the RNA virus SARS-CoV-2 in patients with long COVID syndrome
M Gyongyosi, E Hasimbegovic, D Lukovic, K Zlabinger, A Spannbauer, E Samaha, J Bergler-Klein, C Hengstenberg, P Mucher, H Haslacher
European Heart Journal, Volume 44, Issue Supplement_2, November 2023, ehad655.1823, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad655.1823, 09 November 2023
Sequential activation of DNA viruses by the RNA virus SARS-CoV-2 in patients with long COVID syndrome
M Gyongyosi, E Hasimbegovic, D Lukovic, K Zlabinger, A Spannbauer, E Samaha, J Bergler-Klein, C Hengstenberg, P Mucher, H Haslacher, European Heart Journal, Volume 44, Issue Supplement_2, November 2023, ehad655.1823, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad655.1823 Published: 09 November 2023
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc10292739/
Bernal KDE, Whitehurst CB. Incidence of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation is elevated in COVID-19 patients. Virus Res. 2023 Sep;334:199157. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199157. Epub 2023 Jun 26. PMID: 37364815; PMCID: PMC10292739.
Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Sun J. Microbiome and intestinal pathophysiology in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Genes Dis. 2023 Jun 19;11(3):100978. doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.03.034. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37362775; PMCID: PMC10278891.
Liu Q, Su Q, Zhang F, Tun HM, Mak JWY, Lui GC, Ng SSS, Ching JYL, Li A, Lu W, Liu C, Cheung CP, Hui DSC, Chan PKS, Chan FKL, Ng SC. Multi-kingdom gut microbiota analyses define COVID-19 severity and post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Commun. 2022 Nov 10;13(1):6806. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34535-8. PMID: 36357381; PMCID: PMC9648868.
Wu HY, et al. Infectious Disease Society of Taiwan,; Medical Foundation in Memory of Dr. Deh-Lin Cheng; Foundation of Professor Wei-Chuan Hsieh for Infectious Diseases Research and Education,; CY Lee's Research Foundation for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines,; 7th Guidelines Recommendations for Evidence-based Antimicrobial agents use in Taiwan (GREAT) working group. Recommendations and guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) associated bacterial and fungal infections in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2023 Apr;56(2):207-235. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.12.003. Epub 2022 Dec 21. PMID: 36586743; PMCID: PMC9767873.
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Lacout A, Dacher V, El Hajjam M, Marcy PY, Perronne C. Biofilms busters to improve the detection of Borrelia using PCR. Med Hypotheses. 2018 Mar;112:4-6. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.01.005. Epub 2018 Jan 30. PMID: 29447935.
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Empirical Validation of the Horowitz Multiple Systemic Infectious Disease Syndrome Questionnaire for Suspected Lyme Disease. Maryalice Citera*, Ph.D., Phyllis R. Freeman2, Ph.D., Richard I. Horowitz2, M.D., International Journal of General Medicine 2017:10 249–273
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Zubchenko S., Kril I., Nadizhko O., Matsyura O., Chopyak V. Herpesvirus infections and post-COVID-19 manifestations: A pilot observational study. Rheumatol. Int. 2022;42:1523–1530. doi: 10.1007/s00296-022-05146-9
Paolucci S., Cassaniti I., Novazzi F., Fiorina L., Piralla A., Commoli G., Bruno R., Maserati R., Gulminetti R., Novati S., et al. EBV DNA increase in COVID-19 patients with impaired lymphocyte subpopulation count. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2021;104:315–319. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.051
Vojdani A, Vojdani E, Saidara E, Maes M. Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection, EBV, HHV-6 and Other Factors May Contribute to Inflammation and Autoimmunity in Long COVID. Viruses. 2023 Jan 31;15(2):400. doi: 10.3390/v15020400. PMID: 36851614; PMCID: PMC9967513.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9967513/
Vojdani A, Vojdani E, Saidara E, Maes M. Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection, EBV, HHV-6 and Other Factors May Contribute to Inflammation and Autoimmunity in Long COVID. Viruses. 2023 Jan 31;15(2):400. doi: 10.3390/v15020400. PMID: 36851614; PMCID: PMC9967513.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9967513/
Patterson BK, Guevara-Coto J, Yogendra R, Francisco EB, Long E, Pise A, Rodrigues H, Parikh P, Mora J, Mora-Rodríguez RA. Immune-Based Prediction of COVID-19 Severity and Chronicity Decoded Using Machine Learning. Front Immunol. 2021 Jun 28;12:700782. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.700782. PMID: 34262570; PMCID: PMC8273732.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8273732/
From Bruce Patterson: The long hauler index (IL-2 +IFN/CCL4) is the first indication of vascular j flammation. In addition the triad of sCD40L, CCL5, and VEGF indicate vascular inflammation.
Fungal Blood Cultures: When should they be ordered?
By Laboratory Best Practice blog
Alison Chan, DO, Pathology Resident_Anna Romanelli, PhD, Medical Director of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
Fungal Blood Cultures:
Fungal microbiota sustains lasting immune activation of neutrophils and their progenitors in severe COVID-19 Takato Kusakabe et al. Nature Immunology 23 Oct 2023.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-023-01637-4
Farhana A, Khan YS. Biochemistry, Lipopolysaccharide. [Updated 2023 Apr 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554414/
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FUNGAL BLOOD DISORDERSDECEMBER 15, 2018
Fungal Blood Cultures:
Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Mar;21(3):133-146. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2. Epub 2023 Jan 13. Erratum in: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Jun;21(6):408. PMID: 36639608; PMCID: PMC9839201.
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Fisher MC, Denning DW. The WHO fungal priority pathogens list as a game-changer. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Apr;21(4):211-212. doi: 10.1038/s41579-023-00861-x. PMID: 36747091; PMCID: PMC9901396.
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Zhang Y, Alvarez-Manzo H, Leone J, Schweig S, Zhang Y. Botanical Medicines Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, and Alchornea cordifolia Demonstrate Inhibitory Activity Against Babesia duncani. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 Mar 8;11:624745. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624745. PMID: 33763384; PMCID: PMC7982592.
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Shahzad, F.; Anderson, D.; Najafzadeh, M. The Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Natural Medicinal Herbs and Mushrooms and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092573
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Gharibpour F, Shirban F, Bagherniya M, Nosouhian M, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. The Effects of Nutraceuticals and Herbal Medicine on Candida albicans in Oral Candidiasis: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1308:225-248. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_16. PMID: 33861447.
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Horowitz RI, Freeman PR (2016) The Use of Dapsone as a Novel “Persister” Drug in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res 7: 345. doi:10.4172/2155-9554.1000345
Horowitz, R.I.; Fallon, J.; Freeman, P.R. Comparison of the Efficacy of Longer versus Shorter Pulsed High Dose Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome with Bartonellosis and Associated Coinfections. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092301
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Dipyridamole as a new drug to prevent Epstein-Barr virus reactivation
Author links open overlay panelMarcos P. Thomé
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